In Defense of a Banana
Surely, there is nothing more infuriating than sitting idly by while the wealthiest among us treat the planet as a disposable playground. Art is one of humanity’s great victims of commodification and status-linked objectification; it is also no secret that the rich use works of art to shuffle money around, treating them as investment properties rather than revered with the sacredness that artists themselves apply to their work. But do the actions of wealthy collectors factor into the context of the works of art themselves? With over a century of art within the genre to examine, there is an argument to be made that Maurizio Cattelan’s Comedian exists in a long lineage of conceptual art, regardless of whether or not the work sells to a crypto billionaire. If Comedian is just a “banana and a roll of tape,” then what can we say about the dematerialization movement of the 1960s and beyond? If we can reduce an artwork to being merely the sum of its parts rather than a work worthy of consideration in the canon, then what can we say about any art at all?
First, perhaps we should begin by understanding the idea of the readymade and its origins. Not all of my readers will be familiar with this term; to define it, a “readymade” (often used interchangeably with the term “found object”) is a work of art composed of recognizable—and often commercial—objects that may or may not have been modified, but have been presented in such a way that they are elevated to the status of “art object.” The elevation of these objects is largely a conceptual and contextual elevation; the artist has placed the objects in a gallery or museum setting, or the artist has declared the work a work of art by virtue of simply being put together by an artist. As conceptual artist Bruce Nauman once put it:
“If I was an artist and I was in the studio, then whatever I was doing in the studio must be art.”
Both of these contextual applications to readymades have a long history in the history of art. When the father of the readymade, Marcel Duchamp, famously submitted his (still-controversial) work Fountain for exhibition with the Society of Independent Artists in 1917, his explanation was that this item—a urinal turned on its side and signed with a pseudonym—was elevated to the status of art due to the interventions of the artist. At the same time, it was the placement of this work in the exhibition (and its ensuing publication in The Blind Man, a Dadaist publication documenting the visual art and writings of experimental artists) that elevated its status from “object” to “art object” for the viewing public; the piece became accessible as art in part due to is validation as a work of art by virtue of existing in art spaces.
But is it art? Well, if an object—created or altered by an artist and placed into an art setting— is not art, then what is?
The idea that we can define what art is, and dictate what it is not, is a long outdated one. This shift can be contributed, in the Western canon of visual art, in part to the advent of Modernism, and eventually (and perhaps more consequentially), Postmodernism. This approach to thinking about visual art predates even Modernism, though. Prominent at the start of the 20th century, Modernism was the ideological daughter of Impressionism and Expressionism, art movements that reflected the changing social mores of their times and which rejected the traditional aesthetics of visual art. Impressionists and Expressionists both largely focused on traditional subject matter, but rendered them in radical ways: Impressionists focused on embracing the aesthetic values that promoted a truer sensation of experiencing the subject matter firsthand (giving the impression of the subject), while Expressionists largely rejected the aesthetic values of the subject matter entirely, choosing instead to render their works in ways that spoke more to the artists’ feelings about the subject matter than about the subject matter itself (expressing themselves over expressing the object). Both of these movements, now perhaps considered by some to be dated or even blasé, were considered avant-garde at the time of their practices, and artists working in these modes initially faced criticism and rejection by institutions in the arts. To the viewer only familiar with immaculately rendered traditional portraiture, John Singer Sargent’s 1903 painting Mrs. Fiske Warren (Gretchen Osgood) and Her Daughter Rachel could have been seen as a masterpiece. That same viewer, in that same year, likely would have felt repulsion at the painful display in Käthe Kollwitz’s Woman With Dead Child—and that repulsion, in many ways, was the point.
Käthe Kollwitz’s expressive depiction of a mother and her dead child should repulse us, it should bring us pain; it is a cry towards our humanity, rendered in such a way that the pain inherent to the subject matter is apparent simply in the rough lines that make up the composition. Is Woman With Dead Child any less of a work of art because of its rejection of the formal elements present in John Singer Sargent’s portrait? Is it less of a work of art because it does not embody traditional beauty?
From Modernism came a multitude of new genres of art, each experimenting with abstraction and the destruction of the convenient formalism that allowed viewers to feel comfortable enjoying art for the sake of its beauty. I use these words here—”convenient” and “comfortable”—purposefully; we, as humans, prefer predictability. We prefer to be able to understand things on our own terms. We have a pathological need, as a species, for the world around us to make sense; when we are met with something unfamiliar, it poses an intellectual challenge to us, and when we cannot rise to meet that intellectual challenge, it is much easier for us to deny the validity of the unfamiliar thing rather than attempt to expand our understanding capabilities. This is the case when you hear the remark “a child could make that” about works by Joan Miró, or Helen Frankenthaler, or Cy Twombly. Even if a child could make their works, is a child not capable of art?
With each new genre—Dadaism, Abstract Expressionism, Performance Art, Fluxus, Dematerialism, et al—art that rejected formalism was met, again and again and across the globe, with resistance. The Conceptual Art movement, originating with the aforementioned Duchamp work Fountain, embraced a rejection of formalism to its most radical degree by emphasizing the idea and intention of a work over its physical properties. This paved the way for the Dematerialization movement of the 1960s, famously documented by Lucy Lippard, whose documentation efforts are in many cases the only documentation or evidence of the works of art included in this movement. The Dematerialization movement focused on pushing the boundaries of conceptual art by reducing, or totally removing, the physical components of a work of art; the artist only used materials that were necessary to convey the idea at hand. Much of the art contained in this genre did not resemble “art” at all; famous examples of these works include Lawrence Weiner’s word art, or On Kawara’s I Got Up series of postcards. Face to face with these works, they would each be hard to parse as art if you were only familiar with formalist approaches to art. Weiner considered language to be his artistic medium, meaning that the content of his works often consisted of text placed on walls in ways that lead to the destruction of the physical piece with removal or deinstallation. On Kawara’s postcards are exhibited internationally; yet, if we consider only the objects themselves, they are ordinary postcards written in the morning when Kawara rose from his bed. Much of the art in this movement was made using cheap, non-art materials—if any materials were used at all.
Now, back to the banana at hand. Comedian, an installation piece made up of a banana duct taped to the wall, was first displayed at Art Basel Miami in 2019, where two editions of it sold for over $100,000 each. Given what we have already established with regards to the importance of context in the determination of a work of art’s legitimacy, and given what we have established with regards to the history of common objects (or a lack of objects) as art, this should be the end of the argument. An artist conceived of an installation piece and installed said piece in an art space. However, despite Comedian’s maker, despite its location of display, despite the notoriety and massive amount of attention it received globally, and despite its success with regards to being sold as a work of art, the piece is met with unending resistance and denial—even from experts writing in the field of visual art. This refusal to accept the work as legitimate seems to stem partly from a refusal of the object itself as an art object, and partly from a general distaste for the rich and the ways in which they spend their money; however, does the price tag of an artwork affect whether or not that object is art? Would these same critics argue that Leonardo Da Vinci’s Salvator Mundi, which sold for $450 million, is no longer a work of art because of its cost? Or would its formal qualities protect it from this critique? In 2017 when Jean-Michel Basquiat’s Untitled sold for $110 million, did these critics dare claim that the painting was not art, that Jean-Michel Basquiat was not an artist? Perhaps then, in their minds, the deciding factor is simply whether or not the artist is still living—but then, what can we say about the painting Flag (by the still-living Jasper Johns) which sold for $110 million in 2010? Perhaps, in the mind of these critics, a work of art must be a painting to qualify as art at all.
To reduce an artwork to the sum of its parts is, to state it plainly, a foolish and shameful approach to considering art. One would not refer to a painting as being simply “paint and a canvas,” and to reduce a work of conceptual art such as Comedian to “a banana and a roll of tape” is to reinforce oppressive hierarchical structures and deny social progress within the arts. Thomas Adorno wrote about this very subject in the 1950s and 1960s, stating in his work Aesthetic Theory that art is not only a social fact due to its mode of production, but also due to its propensity to oppose the society from which it emerges. Conceptual art has always been a political movement—see Carolee Schneeman’s Interior Scroll, or Andres Serrano’s Piss Christ, or My Bed by Tracey Emin, or John Cage’s 4’33”, or Grapefruit by Yoko Ono, or literally any other piece of conceptual art—and as a movement it is inherently defined by its rejection of the tradition of art being economically accessible. Maurizio Cattelan is no stranger to economic issues; one of his most famous works, L.O.V.E., is a sculpture permanently installed in Milan of a massive hand giving a middle finger to the Italian stock exchange, which it prominently sits in front of. Cattelan is certainly aware of his own fame, and certainly aware that fame brings with it the privilege of having a high price tag when your name is attached to a work of art—even if that work of art is, effectively, garbage. Conceptual artist Sol LeWitt said in Paragraphs on Conceptual Art that “In conceptual art the idea or the concept is the most important aspect of the work,” and that “When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair.” It is estimated that Maurizio Cattelan paid less than a dollar to create Comedian, a piece of art that ultimately rots away within days of its creation; on November 20, 2024, Comedian sold at a Sotheby’s auction for $5.2 million dollars. If you cannot see the irony, humor, and artistic value inherent to the piece, then it is not buyer who missed the point—it’s you.